Leadership styles and their effect on employees: a comparative study of two Mediterranean tourism destinations
Main Article Content
Issue section:
Research
Keywords:
Leadership, Organizational Silence, Organizational Cynicism, Psychological well-being, Tourism Sector in Italy and Turkey, intercultural Research in Tourism
Abstract
The primary objective is to correlate the relationship between the variables in order to determine the effect of leader behaviour on organisational silence, organisational silence on organisational cynicism and organisational cynicism on psychological well-being. The study also aims to foreground the difference with respect to these variables in two countries chosen as the sampling universe and draw a comparative analysis of the leadership types adopted by the manager of hospitality organisations in respective countries and personnel's attitude toward the respective hospitality organisations they work for. Research population consists of 4 and 5-star hospitality organisations operating in different centers of Turkey and Italy. Comparative analyses were conducted based on the findings of whether the said variables in this intercultural study between Turkey and Italy offered any intercultural difference among the employees in hospitality organisations. It surfaced that, except for organisational silence, there existed a difference in all other variables. Besides, cyclical model pertaining to emergent variables in the study exposed a different dimension of this study. In the light of all these findings, suggestions that could hold both theoretical and practical values for the researchers as well as practitioners were provided.
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Published
May 30, 2022
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Applied Cultural Studies: Research Papers
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Author Biography
Ayse Atar Yilmaz, -
-References
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Evans, W. R., Goodman, J. M., & Davis, W. D. (2010). The impact of perceived corporate citizenship on organizational cynicism, OCB, and employee deviance. Human Performance, 24(1), 79-97.
Faupel, S., & Süß, S. (2019). The effect of transformational leadership on employees during change: an empirical analysis. Journal of Change Management, 19(3), 145-166.
Glina, D. M. R., & Rocha, L. E. (2017). Understanding the process of workplace psychological harassment: differences between organizational and interpersonal psychological harassment. Revista de Medicina, 96(1), 1-13.
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Naderi, A., Vosta, L. N., Ebrahimi, A., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2019). The contributions of social entrepreneurship and transformational leadership to performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(9/10), 719-737.
Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey Business Journal (November/December), 1–6.
Naus, F., Van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees' responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718.
Ohunakin, F., Adeniji, A. A., Oludayo, O. A., Osibanjo, A. O., & Oduyoye, O. O. (2019). Employees' retention in Nigeria's hospitality industry: The role of transformational leadership style and job satisfaction. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 18(4), 441-470.
Patiar, A., & Wang, Y. (2020). Managers' leadership, compensation and benefits, and departments' performance: Evidence from upscale hotels in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42,29-39.
Piderit, S.K. & Ashford, S.J. (2003). Breaking silence: Tactical choices women managers make in speaking up about gender - equity issues, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1477 1502.
Pinck, A. S., & Sonnentag, S. (2018). Leader mindfulness and employee well-being: the mediating role of transformational leadership. Mindfulness, 9(3), 884-896.
Ryff, C. D (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 57 (6): 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current directions in psychological science, 4(4), 99-104.
Saeed, M., & Mughal, Y. H. (2019). Role of transactional leadership style upon performance: Mediating role of culture. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 13(1), 47-53.
Stanley, D. J. Meyer, J. P and Topolnytsky, L. (2005). Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Organizational Change, Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(4), 429-459.
Tang, G., Cai, Z., Liu, Z., Zhu, H., Yang, X., & Li, J. (2015). The importance of ethical leadership in employees' value congruence and turnover. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 56(4), 397-410.
Urgan, S & Sevim, ?. (2019). Uluslararas? Sa?l?k Kurulu?lar?nda Sosyal Sermaye ve Pozitif Psikoloji Etkile?iminde Kültürel Zeka. E?itim Yay?nevi: Turkey- Konya.
Vakola, M. & Bourantas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: An empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441-458.
Vandekerckhove, Wim & Commers, M. S. Ronald. (2003). Downward workplace mobbing: A sign of the times ?. Journal of Business Ethics; 45(1), 41–50.
Vartia, M. (1996). "The sources of bullying: Psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology; 5(2), 203–214.
Vullinghs, J. T., De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N., & Boon, C. (2020). Ethical and passive leadership and their joint relationships with burnout via role clarity and role overload. Journal of Business Ethics, 165(4), 719-733.
Wang, C. J., Tsai, H. T., & Tsai, M. T. (2014). Linking transformational leadership and employee creativity in the hospitality industry: The influences of creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and job complexity. Tourism Management, 40, 79-89.
Wang, Y., Zheng, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2018). How transformational leadership influences employee voice behavior: The roles of psychological capital and organizational identification. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 46(2), 313-321.
Wong J & Lee W (2012) Leadership through service: An exploratory study of the leadership styles of tour leaders. Tourism Management, 33, 1112–1121.
Woods, T. B. (2019). An examination of the suitability of transactional, transformational and situational leadership theories in evaluating the role of gender in determining the leadership style: A comparison and contrast of three leadership theories. American Journal of Management Studies, 4(1), 1-11.
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, S. (2018). How family support influences work cynicism and employee silence: The moderating role of gender. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 60(3), 249-261.
Brandes, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Dean, J. (1999). Does Organizational cynicism matter? Employee and supervisor perspectives on work outcomes. Eastern Academy of Management Proceedings,150-153.
Brownell, J. (2010). Leadership in the service of hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(3), 363-378.
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64-75.
Chaudhry, A. Q., & Javed, H. (2012). Impact of transactional and laissez-faire leadership style on motivation. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7), 258-264.
Chen, T. J., & Wu, C. M. (2020). Can newcomers perform better at hotels? Examining the roles of transformational leadership, supervisor-triggered positive affect, and perceived supervisor support. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100587.
Cooper, W., & Schindler, D. (2003). Approaches to Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Çak?c?, A., & Çak?c? A. C. (2007). Employee Silence: Is it difficult to talk, difficult to stay silent? 15th National Management and Organization Congress, Sakarya University, 389-400.
Çokluk, Ö. ?ekercio?lu G & Büyüköztürk, ?. (2010). Multivariate Statistics Spss and Lisrel Applications for Social Sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academy, 177.
Deng, G., Zhao, D., Lio, J., Ma, X., Liang, L., & Feng, C. (2020). Linking hospital culture to the training performance of residents: The roles of leader?member exchange and transactional leadership style. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 26(1), 92-100.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143-156.
Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. R. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4(4), 381-401.
Evans, W. R., Goodman, J. M., & Davis, W. D. (2010). The impact of perceived corporate citizenship on organizational cynicism, OCB, and employee deviance. Human Performance, 24(1), 79-97.
Faupel, S., & Süß, S. (2019). The effect of transformational leadership on employees during change: an empirical analysis. Journal of Change Management, 19(3), 145-166.
Glina, D. M. R., & Rocha, L. E. (2017). Understanding the process of workplace psychological harassment: differences between organizational and interpersonal psychological harassment. Revista de Medicina, 96(1), 1-13.
Hannah, S. T., Perez, A. L., Lester, P. B., & Quick, J. C. (2020). Bolstering workplace psychological well-being through transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 27(3), 222-240.
Hansen, J. A., & Pihl-Thingvad, S. (2019). Managing employee innovative behaviour through transformational and transactional leadership styles. Public Management Review, 21(6), 918-944.
Izgar, H. (2008). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in school administrators. Selcuk University Ahmet Kelesoglu Faculty of Education Journal, 25, 317-334.
Jensen, U. T., Andersen, L. B., Bro, L. L., Bøllingtoft, A., Eriksen, T. L. M., Holten, A. L., & Westergård-Nielsen, N. (2020). Conceptualizing and measuring transformational and transactional leadership. Administration & Society, 51(1), 3-33.
Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2019). How does workplace harassment influence the employees' response in a deluxe hotel?. The Service Industries Journal, 39(11-12), 877-900.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
Kannan-Narasimhan, R., & Lawrence, B. S. (2012). Behavioral integrity: How leader referents and trust matter to workplace outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 111, 165-178.
Keyes, C. L. M. Shmotkin, D. ve Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The emprical encounter of two traditions. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022
Knoll, M., & Van Dick, R. (2013b). Do I hear the whistle? A first attempt to measure four forms of employee silence and their correlates. Journal of Business Ethics, 113, 349-362.
Liu, D., Wu, J., & Ma, J. C. (2009). Organizational silence: A survey on employees working in a telecommunication company. Paper presented at the Computers & Industrial Engineering, Troyes, France.
Mishra, N., Mishra, R., & Singh, M. K. (2019). The impact of transformational leadership on team performance: The mediating role of emotional intelligence among leaders of hospitality and tourism sector. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(11), 3111-3117.
Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2004). Sounds of silence. Stern Business, 25, 31-35.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Naderi, A., Vosta, L. N., Ebrahimi, A., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2019). The contributions of social entrepreneurship and transformational leadership to performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(9/10), 719-737.
Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey Business Journal (November/December), 1–6.
Naus, F., Van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees' responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718.
Ohunakin, F., Adeniji, A. A., Oludayo, O. A., Osibanjo, A. O., & Oduyoye, O. O. (2019). Employees' retention in Nigeria's hospitality industry: The role of transformational leadership style and job satisfaction. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 18(4), 441-470.
Patiar, A., & Wang, Y. (2020). Managers' leadership, compensation and benefits, and departments' performance: Evidence from upscale hotels in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42,29-39.
Piderit, S.K. & Ashford, S.J. (2003). Breaking silence: Tactical choices women managers make in speaking up about gender - equity issues, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1477 1502.
Pinck, A. S., & Sonnentag, S. (2018). Leader mindfulness and employee well-being: the mediating role of transformational leadership. Mindfulness, 9(3), 884-896.
Ryff, C. D (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 57 (6): 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current directions in psychological science, 4(4), 99-104.
Saeed, M., & Mughal, Y. H. (2019). Role of transactional leadership style upon performance: Mediating role of culture. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 13(1), 47-53.
Stanley, D. J. Meyer, J. P and Topolnytsky, L. (2005). Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Organizational Change, Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(4), 429-459.
Tang, G., Cai, Z., Liu, Z., Zhu, H., Yang, X., & Li, J. (2015). The importance of ethical leadership in employees' value congruence and turnover. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 56(4), 397-410.
Urgan, S & Sevim, ?. (2019). Uluslararas? Sa?l?k Kurulu?lar?nda Sosyal Sermaye ve Pozitif Psikoloji Etkile?iminde Kültürel Zeka. E?itim Yay?nevi: Turkey- Konya.
Vakola, M. & Bourantas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: An empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441-458.
Vandekerckhove, Wim & Commers, M. S. Ronald. (2003). Downward workplace mobbing: A sign of the times ?. Journal of Business Ethics; 45(1), 41–50.
Vartia, M. (1996). "The sources of bullying: Psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology; 5(2), 203–214.
Vullinghs, J. T., De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N., & Boon, C. (2020). Ethical and passive leadership and their joint relationships with burnout via role clarity and role overload. Journal of Business Ethics, 165(4), 719-733.
Wang, C. J., Tsai, H. T., & Tsai, M. T. (2014). Linking transformational leadership and employee creativity in the hospitality industry: The influences of creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and job complexity. Tourism Management, 40, 79-89.
Wang, Y., Zheng, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2018). How transformational leadership influences employee voice behavior: The roles of psychological capital and organizational identification. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 46(2), 313-321.
Wong J & Lee W (2012) Leadership through service: An exploratory study of the leadership styles of tour leaders. Tourism Management, 33, 1112–1121.
Woods, T. B. (2019). An examination of the suitability of transactional, transformational and situational leadership theories in evaluating the role of gender in determining the leadership style: A comparison and contrast of three leadership theories. American Journal of Management Studies, 4(1), 1-11.
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, S. (2018). How family support influences work cynicism and employee silence: The moderating role of gender. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 60(3), 249-261.
How to Cite
Leadership styles and their effect on employees: a comparative study of two Mediterranean tourism destinations. (2022). Industrial and Systems Engineering , 18(2), 51-59. https://ojs3x.com/index.php/ectms/article/view/1604
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